古巴导弹危机:肯尼迪总统向美国和全世界发表广播讲话

John F. Kennedy:Cuban Missile Crisis Address to the Nation

22 October 1962

1962年10月中旬，华盛顿的美国情报官员在进行例行情报资料分析时，从飞临古 巴上空的U—2飞机所拍摄照片中发现了问题．他们确认，苏联正在古巴首都哈瓦那西南的圣克利斯托瓦尔修建基地，部署中短程导弹和运载核武器的伊尔- 28重型轰炸机． 从这些基地发射的导弹，可以击中从秘鲁利马到加拿大哈得逊湾的大多数美洲重要城市．对此，美国政府作出了强烈的反应．10月22日美国东部时间晚上7点，肯尼迪总 统在白宫他的书房里，向美国和全世界发表广播讲话，通告了苏联在古巴部署核导弹的事实，并指出，这一“秘密、迅速和异乎寻常的导弹设施”是&l dquo;蓄意的挑衅和对现 状作出的毫无道理的改变，是美国不能接受的”．因此，美国一方面公开向苏联发出 警告，要求苏联从古巴撤出其中短程核武器，同时以美国海空力量在加勒比海的广大 海域对古巴设立了海上封锁线，进行所谓的“隔离”．就这样，在当时世界两个超级 大国——美国和苏联之间爆发了一场危机，将整个世界带到了核灾难的边缘．

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John F. Kennedy:

Good evening, my fellow citizens:

This Government, as promised, has maintained the closest surveillance of the Soviet military buildup on the island of Cuba. Within the past week, unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile sites is now in preparation on that imprisoned island. The purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike capability against the Western Hemisphere.

Upon receiving the first preliminary hard information of this nature last Tuesday morning at 9A.M., I directed that our surveillance be stepped up. And having now confirmed and completed our evaluation of the evidence and our decision on a course of action, this Government feels obliged to report this new crisis to you in fullest detail.

The characteristics of these new missile sites indicate two distinct types of installations. Several of them include medium range ballistic missiles, capable of carrying a nuclear warhead for a distance of more than 1,000 nautical miles. Each of these missiles, in short, is capable of striking Washington, D. C., the Panama Canal, Cape Canaveral, Mexico City, or any other city in the southeastern part of the United States, in Central America, or in the Caribbean area.

Additional sites not yet completed appear to be designed for intermediate range ballistic missiles -- capable of traveling more than twice as far -- and thus capable of striking most of the major cities in the Western Hemisphere, ranging as far north as Hudson Bay, Canada, and as far south as Lima, Peru. In addition, jet bombers, capable of carrying nuclear weapons, are now being uncrated and assembled in Cuba, while the necessary air bases are being prepared.

This urgent transformation of Cuba into an important strategic base -- by the presence of these large, long-range, and clearly offensive weapons of sudden mass destruction -- constitutes an explicit threat to the peace and security of all the Americas, in flagrant and deliberate defiance of the Rio Pact of 1947, the traditions of this Nation and hemisphere, the joint resolution of the 87th Congress, the Charter of the United Nations, and my own public warnings to the Soviets on September 4 and 13. This action also contradicts the repeated assurances of Soviet spokesmen, both publicly and privately delivered, that the arms buildup in Cuba would retain its original defensive character, and that the Soviet Union had no need or desire to station strategic missiles. on the territory of any other nation.

The size of this undertaking makes clear that it has been planned for some months. Yet, only last month, after I had made clear the distinction between any introduction of ground-to-ground missiles and the existence of defensive antiaircraft missiles, the Soviet Government publicly stated on September 11 that, and I quote, "the armaments and military equipment sent to Cuba are designed exclusively for defensive purposes," that there is, and I quote the Soviet Government, "there is no need for the Soviet Government to shift its weapons for a retaliatory blow to any other country, for instance Cuba," and that, and I quote their government, "the Soviet Union has so powerful rockets to carry these nuclear warheads that there is no need to search for sites for them beyond the boundaries of the Soviet Union."

That statement was false.

Only last Thursday, as evidence of this rapid offensive buildup was already in my hand, Soviet Foreign Minister Gromyko told me in my office that he was instructed to make it clear once again, as he said his government had already done, that Soviet assistance to Cuba, and I quote, "pursued solely the purpose of contributing to the defense capabilities of Cuba," that, and I quote him, "training by Soviet specialists of Cuban nationals in handling defensive armaments was by no means offensive, and if it were otherwise," Mr. Gromyko went on, "the Soviet Government would never become involved in rendering such assistance."

That statement also was false.

Neither the United States of America nor t

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